{
 "id": "hr-10357-digital-asset-tax-certainty-act",
 "title": "H.R. 10357, Digital Asset Tax Certainty Act: provisions, effective dates and JCT revenue estimates",
 "source_page": "https://growyourethereum.com/guides/digital-asset-tax-certainty-act",
 "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "status": {
  "as_of": "2026-10-23",
  "introduced": "2026-09-14",
  "sponsor": "Rep. Jason Smith (R-MO-8), Chairman, House Ways and Means",
  "original_cosponsors": 8,
  "cosponsor_party_split": {
   "R": 7,
   "D": 1
  },
  "committee_action": "2026-09-16 ordered reported in the nature of a substitute, yeas 38, nays 5",
  "floor_action": null,
  "senate_action": null,
  "law": false
 },
 "units": "millions of USD, federal fiscal years; positive = revenue increase",
 "revenue_source": "JCT JCX-52-26 (Sep 15, 2026); identical figures to JCX-48-26 for the introduced bill; assumes enactment Dec 31, 2026",
 "net_by_fy": {
  "2027": 367,
  "2028": 563,
  "2029": 530,
  "2030": 330,
  "2031": 50,
  "2032": -135,
  "2033": -168,
  "2034": -247,
  "2035": -363,
  "2036": -427
 },
 "net_total_2027_2036": 500,
 "gas_context_usd": {
  "y2021_transfer": 5.11,
  "y2021_swap": 32.57,
  "y2026_transfer": 0.014,
  "y2026_swap": 0.087
 },
 "voluntary_disclosure_penalty_rates": {
  "certified_within_12m": {
   "first_25000": 0,
   "above_25000": 5
  },
  "certified_after_12m": {
   "first_100000": 5,
   "above_100000": 10
  },
  "uncertified_within_12m": {
   "first_25000": 25,
   "above_25000": 40
  },
  "uncertified_after_12m": {
   "first_25000": 40,
   "above_25000": 50
  },
  "unit": "percent of deficiency per applicable tax year",
  "source": "H.R. 10357 sec. 502 (GovInfo text)"
 },
 "provisions": [
  {
   "id": "de-minimis-fees",
   "section": "101",
   "title_group": "I",
   "provision": "De minimis digital asset fees ($10 gas and trading fee exemption)",
   "jct_effective": "doaa 12/31/27",
   "effective_plain": "Fees paid with crypto after Dec 31, 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": -2365,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "gas"
   ],
   "summary": "No gain or loss when you spend crypto on a network fee (gas) or a same-asset trading fee of $10 or less per transaction. Not available to traders, dealers, validators’ businesses or anyone with more than 5,000 crypto transfers the prior year.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 0,
    "2028": -87,
    "2029": -146,
    "2030": -172,
    "2031": -204,
    "2032": -242,
    "2033": -287,
    "2034": -341,
    "2035": -405,
    "2036": -482
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "simplified-accounting",
   "section": "102",
   "title_group": "I",
   "provision": "Simplified (annual mark-to-market style) accounting election for widely traded digital assets",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/27",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2028 (calendar filers)",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": -141,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "mixed",
   "applies_if": [
    "trade",
    "pool"
   ],
   "summary": "Optional election per asset type (e.g. ETH and its wrappers): one net gain or loss a year from sales, purchases and the year-end value instead of lot-by-lot tracking. All results are short-term; locked in for 5 years; wash sale, constructive sale and related-party rules switched off for that asset.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 0,
    "2028": -7,
    "2029": -14,
    "2030": -14,
    "2031": -15,
    "2032": -17,
    "2033": -18,
    "2034": -18,
    "2035": -19,
    "2036": -20
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "stablecoins",
   "section": "103",
   "title_group": "I",
   "provision": "U.S. dollar stablecoin transactions",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "stable"
   ],
   "summary": "Qualified (GENIUS Act-regulated) dollar stablecoins get a $1 redemption-value basis, so buying, spending or selling them within 99.5%–100.5% of $1 produces no gain or loss. Not for stablecoin traders/dealers or people with more than 5,000 such transactions.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "lending",
   "section": "201",
   "title_group": "II",
   "provision": "Crypto lending under securities-loan rules (§1058)",
   "jct_effective": "tma DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Loans made after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "lend"
   ],
   "summary": "Lending fungible traded crypto under an agreement that returns identical assets and passes through all payments and entitlements would not be a taxable sale, matching the treatment of securities loans.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "dealers-traders",
   "section": "202",
   "title_group": "II",
   "provision": "Mark-to-market election for crypto traders and dealers (§475)",
   "jct_effective": "tyba DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 2332,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "mixed",
   "applies_if": [
    "trade"
   ],
   "summary": "Traders and dealers in widely traded crypto (and related derivatives and hedges) could elect §475 mark-to-market treatment, as securities traders can: positions valued at year end, with ordinary gains and losses outside the $3,000 capital-loss limit.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 318,
    "2028": 479,
    "2029": 546,
    "2030": 413,
    "2031": 199,
    "2032": 80,
    "2033": 112,
    "2034": 82,
    "2035": 42,
    "2036": 60
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "trading-safe-harbor",
   "section": "203",
   "title_group": "II",
   "provision": "Trading safe harbor for foreign investors",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/25",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [
    "foreign"
   ],
   "summary": "Foreign persons trading traded crypto through U.S. brokers, custodians or staking providers, or for their own account, are not treated as running a U.S. trade or business.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "charitable",
   "section": "204",
   "title_group": "II",
   "provision": "Charitable gifts of crypto",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": -640,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "donate"
   ],
   "summary": "No qualified appraisal needed for gifts of widely traded crypto such as ETH or qualified stablecoins over $5,000. Thinly traded tokens could no longer be deducted when given directly, but selling them and donating the proceeds within 7 days (and the same tax year) would avoid the gain.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": -10,
    "2028": -41,
    "2029": -48,
    "2030": -55,
    "2031": -62,
    "2032": -69,
    "2033": -77,
    "2034": -84,
    "2035": -93,
    "2036": -102
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "wash-sales",
   "section": "301",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Wash sale rule for traded digital assets (§1091)",
   "jct_effective": "da 9/14/26",
   "effective_plain": "Sales after Sep 14, 2026 (retroactive if enacted)",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 1707,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "hurts",
   "applies_if": [
    "loss"
   ],
   "summary": "A loss on ETH or other traded crypto (not qualified stablecoins) is deferred if you buy substantially identical assets 30 days before or after the sale; economically equivalent wrapped tokens count. Staking and other validation rewards do not count as purchases.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 121,
    "2028": 228,
    "2029": 211,
    "2030": 204,
    "2031": 180,
    "2032": 159,
    "2033": 156,
    "2034": 153,
    "2035": 150,
    "2036": 147
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "constructive-sales",
   "section": "302",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Constructive sale rule for digital assets (§1259)",
   "jct_effective": "csa 9/14/26",
   "effective_plain": "Hedges entered after Sep 14, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 272,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "hurts",
   "applies_if": [
    "hedge"
   ],
   "summary": "Locking in a gain on appreciated crypto with a short sale, offsetting futures/forward or similar contract would be treated as selling it, so the gain is taxed now.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 31,
    "2028": 50,
    "2029": 45,
    "2030": 39,
    "2031": 32,
    "2032": 25,
    "2033": 17,
    "2034": 12,
    "2035": 10,
    "2036": 11
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "subpart-f-pfic",
   "section": "303",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Subpart F and PFIC rules for foreign crypto entities",
   "jct_effective": "tyofcea DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Foreign corporation tax years ending after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 571,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [
    "foreign"
   ],
   "summary": "Applies anti-deferral rules for foreign corporations to income from traded digital assets.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 20,
    "2028": 41,
    "2029": 45,
    "2030": 50,
    "2031": 56,
    "2032": 62,
    "2033": 67,
    "2034": 73,
    "2035": 76,
    "2036": 80
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "possessions-source",
   "section": "304",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Source of gain for residents of U.S. possessions (e.g. Puerto Rico)",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 141,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "hurts",
   "applies_if": [
    "foreign"
   ],
   "summary": "New source rules for crypto gains of individuals resident in a U.S. possession such as Puerto Rico; JCT scores it as raising revenue.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 5,
    "2028": 15,
    "2029": 15,
    "2030": 15,
    "2031": 15,
    "2032": 15,
    "2033": 15,
    "2034": 15,
    "2035": 16,
    "2036": 16
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "registration-required",
   "section": "305",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Registration-required (bearer bond) rules and stablecoins",
   "jct_effective": "daia 9/14/26",
   "effective_plain": "Digital assets issued after Sep 14, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "no revenue effect",
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [],
   "summary": "Qualified dollar stablecoins are not registration-required obligations, so the bearer-bond rules (interest-deduction limit, excise tax, ordinary gain, loss disallowance) do not apply to them.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "character",
   "section": "306",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Character of gains and losses relating to digital assets (incl. worthless tokens)",
   "jct_effective": "tyea DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years ending after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "loss"
   ],
   "summary": "A digital asset that becomes worthless gives a loss treated as a sale on the last day of the tax year; tokenized stocks and bonds follow the worthless-securities rule.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "partnership-distributions",
   "section": "307(a)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Distributions of traded digital assets from a partnership",
   "jct_effective": "dma 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Distributions after Dec 31, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 127,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [],
   "summary": "Treats traded digital assets like marketable securities when a partnership distributes them.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 5,
    "2028": 8,
    "2029": 11,
    "2030": 14,
    "2031": 15,
    "2032": 15,
    "2033": 15,
    "2034": 15,
    "2035": 15,
    "2036": 16
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "investment-company",
   "section": "307(b)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Traded digital assets in investment company tests",
   "jct_effective": "tma 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Transfers after Dec 31, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 52,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [],
   "summary": "Counts traded digital assets when testing whether a transfer to a partnership or corporation is to an investment company.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 2,
    "2028": 5,
    "2029": 5,
    "2030": 5,
    "2031": 5,
    "2032": 5,
    "2033": 6,
    "2034": 6,
    "2035": 6,
    "2036": 7
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "stablecoin-lending-debt",
   "section": "307(c)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Certain stablecoin lending treated as debt",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 552,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [
    "stable",
    "lend"
   ],
   "summary": "Treats certain loans of qualified dollar stablecoins as indebtedness, so returns on them are taxed like interest.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 23,
    "2028": 28,
    "2029": 33,
    "2030": 39,
    "2031": 45,
    "2032": 54,
    "2033": 63,
    "2034": 75,
    "2035": 88,
    "2036": 104
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "section-197",
   "section": "307(d)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Digital assets not section 197 intangibles",
   "jct_effective": "daaa 9/14/26",
   "effective_plain": "Assets acquired after Sep 14, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [],
   "summary": "Businesses cannot amortize purchased digital assets over 15 years as intangibles.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "straddles",
   "section": "307(e)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Straddle rules for traded digital assets",
   "jct_effective": "pea DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Positions established after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 125,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "hurts",
   "applies_if": [
    "hedge",
    "trade"
   ],
   "summary": "Applies straddle loss-deferral rules to offsetting positions in traded crypto.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 16,
    "2028": 22,
    "2029": 18,
    "2030": 15,
    "2031": 12,
    "2032": 9,
    "2033": 8,
    "2034": 8,
    "2035": 8,
    "2036": 9
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "backup-withholding",
   "section": "307(f)",
   "title_group": "III",
   "provision": "Backup withholding on illiquid tokens paid for validation",
   "jct_effective": "sidara 12/31/26",
   "effective_plain": "Illiquid tokens received after Dec 31, 2026",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 1,
   "jct_note": "gain of less than $500,000 each year",
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [
    "stake"
   ],
   "summary": "Lets a payer meet backup-withholding duties when it pays staking or mining rewards in tokens that are locked for a fixed period. JCT: gain under $500,000 a year.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "staking-income",
   "section": "401",
   "title_group": "IV",
   "provision": "Source and character of staking and mining income",
   "jct_effective": "tyba DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": 101,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [
    "stake",
    "foreign"
   ],
   "summary": "Staking and mining rewards are ordinary income, U.S.-source for U.S. residents and foreign-source for nonresidents. The bill does not change when rewards are taxed (on receipt under Rev. Rul. 2023-14).",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": -4,
    "2028": -6,
    "2029": -3,
    "2030": 1,
    "2031": 7,
    "2032": 14,
    "2033": 21,
    "2034": 25,
    "2035": 24,
    "2036": 23
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "staking-trusts",
   "section": "402",
   "title_group": "IV",
   "provision": "Investment trusts (ETFs) that stake",
   "jct_effective": "tyea DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years ending after enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "etf"
   ],
   "summary": "Writes into the Code that a grantor-trust ETF can stake its crypto, keep or distribute rewards and manage liquidity for redemptions without losing trust status (today this rests on the Rev. Proc. 2025-31 safe harbor).",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "broker-reporting",
   "section": "501",
   "title_group": "V",
   "provision": "Broker reporting (Form 1099-DA) changes",
   "jct_effective": "returns after 12/31/27",
   "effective_plain": "Returns and statements due after Dec 31, 2027",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": -338,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "broker",
    "stable",
    "gas"
   ],
   "summary": "Qualified stablecoins bought near $1 drop out of basis reporting; de minimis fee disposals are reported in aggregate, not trade by trade; accounts using the simplified election get aggregate reporting.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": 0,
    "2028": -6,
    "2029": -14,
    "2030": -41,
    "2031": -43,
    "2032": -44,
    "2033": -45,
    "2034": -46,
    "2035": -48,
    "2036": -51
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "voluntary-disclosure",
   "section": "502",
   "title_group": "V",
   "provision": "Digital asset voluntary disclosure program",
   "jct_effective": "DOE",
   "effective_plain": "Program opens within 1 year of enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "negligible",
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "unreported"
   ],
   "summary": "A one-time program to fix past crypto reporting errors with amended returns within 24 months, paying tax, interest and a reduced penalty (0%–10% if you certify non-willfulness, 25%–50% otherwise).",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "treasury-study",
   "section": "503",
   "title_group": "V",
   "provision": "Treasury study and report",
   "jct_effective": "DOE",
   "effective_plain": "After enactment",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": null,
   "jct_note": "no revenue effect",
   "eth_holder_effect": "neutral",
   "applies_if": [],
   "summary": "Treasury study and report to Congress on digital asset taxation.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": null,
    "2028": null,
    "2029": null,
    "2030": null,
    "2031": null,
    "2032": null,
    "2033": null,
    "2034": null,
    "2035": null,
    "2036": null
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "wagering-losses",
   "section": "701",
   "title_group": "VII",
   "provision": "FULL HOUSE Act: 100% of gambling losses deductible again",
   "jct_effective": "tyba 12/31/25",
   "effective_plain": "Tax years starting 2026 (retroactive)",
   "fy2027_36_total_musd": -1997,
   "jct_note": null,
   "eth_holder_effect": "helps",
   "applies_if": [
    "gamble"
   ],
   "summary": "Repeals the 90% cap on wagering-loss deductions enacted in 2025 (Pub. L. 119-21), so losses are deductible up to winnings again from 2026.",
   "by_fy_musd": {
    "2027": -160,
    "2028": -166,
    "2029": -174,
    "2030": -183,
    "2031": -192,
    "2032": -201,
    "2033": -221,
    "2034": -222,
    "2035": -233,
    "2036": -245
   }
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/10357",
  "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr10357ih/html/BILLS-119hr10357ih.htm",
  "https://www.jct.gov/publications/2026/jcx-52-26/",
  "https://www.jct.gov/publications/2026/jcx-50-26/",
  "https://waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/JCT-Description-of-HR-10357.pdf"
 ]
}