{"id":"ethereum-upgrades","title":"Ethereum upgrades timeline (every mainnet hard fork and what is next)","source_page":"https://growyourethereum.com/data/ethereum-upgrades","csv":"https://growyourethereum.com/downloads/ethereum-upgrades-timeline.csv","json":"https://growyourethereum.com/datasets/ethereum-upgrades.json","license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","publisher":"GrowYourEthereum","updated":"2026-10-19","underlying_source":"ethereum.org, Ethereum Foundation blog, meta-EIPs","attribution":"GrowYourEthereum, \"Ethereum upgrades timeline (every mainnet hard fork and what is next)\", CC BY 4.0, https://growyourethereum.com/data/ethereum-upgrades","attribution_html":"Source: <a href=\"https://growyourethereum.com/data/ethereum-upgrades\">Ethereum upgrades timeline (every mainnet hard fork and what is next)</a> by GrowYourEthereum (CC BY 4.0)","notes":["Ethereum upgrades timeline (mainnet hard forks 2015-2026 + next upgrades), GrowYourEthereum (growyourethereum.com/data/ethereum-upgrades). License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).","Attribution: \"GrowYourEthereum, Ethereum Upgrades Timeline, CC BY 4.0\". Dates, times (UTC), blocks and epochs from ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks, the Ethereum Foundation blog and the meta-EIPs (EIP-1716, EIP-7607, EIP-7773).","Status checked 2026-10-19 08:00 ET: Glamsterdam has no mainnet date (Sepolia 2026-10-06, Hoodi scheduled 2026-10-26). eth_close_day_before = Coinbase ETH-USD daily close (UTC) the day before activation. Not financial advice."],"columns":["upgrade","also_known_as","layer","status","activation_date_utc","activation_time_utc","block","epoch","headline_eips","what_changed","what_it_meant_for_eth_holders","eth_close_day_before_usd","eth_change_30d_pct","eth_change_90d_pct","eth_change_365d_pct","source"],"row_count":27,"rows":[["Frontier","Mainnet launch","Execution","live on mainnet","2015-07-30","15:26:13","0 (genesis)",null,"None (launch)","Ethereum’s bare-bones launch for developers. Each block had a 5,000 gas limit, so ordinary transactions were not possible yet.","About 72 million ETH existed at launch; proof-of-work miners earned 5 ETH per block.",null,null,null,null,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Frontier Thawing",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2015-09-07","21:33:09",200000,null,"None (parameter change)","Lifted the 5,000 gas limit and set the default gas price to 51 gwei, so transactions (21,000 gas) became possible. Introduced the difficulty bomb.","ETH could be sent for the first time.",null,null,null,null,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Homestead",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2016-03-14","18:49:53",1150000,null,"EIP-2, EIP-7 (DELEGATECALL), EIP-8","The first planned upgrade: protocol and networking changes that made later upgrades possible.","No direct effect on balances.",null,null,null,null,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["DAO fork",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2016-07-20","13:20:40",1920000,null,"Withdraw-only recovery contract","Moved the more than 3.6 million ETH drained in the DAO attack to a withdraw-only contract (1 ETH per 100 DAO tokens). Miners who refused kept the old chain, which became Ethereum Classic.","DAO token holders could reclaim ETH; over 85% of the coin vote backed the fork. The split created Ethereum Classic.",11.75,-8.3,6.7,1823.9,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Tangerine Whistle",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2016-10-18","13:19:31",2463000,null,"EIP-150, EIP-158","First response to the autumn 2016 denial-of-service attacks: raised gas costs for opcodes being used to spam the network.","Network stability; some operations cost more gas.",11.96,-17.1,-19.2,2522.0,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Spurious Dragon",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2016-11-22","16:15:44",2675000,null,"EIP-155 (replay protection), EIP-160, EIP-161, EIP-170","Second DoS response: replay protection between chains, state “debloat” and a 24,576-byte contract size limit.","Transactions can no longer be replayed on another chain.",9.54,-20.9,32.2,3901.4,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Byzantium",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2017-10-16","05:22:11",4370000,null,"EIP-649 (reward 5 → 3 ETH), EIP-140, EIP-196/197/198, EIP-214, EIP-658","Cut the block reward from 5 to 3 ETH, delayed the difficulty bomb by a year and added cryptography precompiles used by later zero-knowledge scaling.","Slower new supply: the block reward was cut 40% (5 → 3 ETH).",336.89,-1.5,305.3,-39.0,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Constantinople",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2019-02-28","19:52:04",7280000,null,"EIP-1234 (reward 3 → 2 ETH), EIP-145, EIP-1014 (CREATE2), EIP-1052","Cut the block reward from 3 to 2 ETH, delayed the difficulty bomb and cheapened some on-chain operations.","Slower new supply again: 2 ETH per block until the Merge.",134.46,5.7,100.3,69.1,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Petersburg","“Constantinople fix”","Execution","live on mainnet","2019-02-28","19:52:04",7280000,null,"EIP-1716 (removes EIP-1283)","Activated at the same block as Constantinople and removed EIP-1283 from it (EIP-1716).","No direct effect on balances.",null,null,null,null,"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1716"],["Istanbul",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2019-12-08","00:25:09",9069000,null,"EIP-152, EIP-1108, EIP-1344 (CHAINID), EIP-1884, EIP-2028, EIP-2200","Repriced opcodes, cheaper zk-SNARK/STARK cryptography and cheaper calldata (EIP-2028), which helped layer-2 scaling.","Cheaper calldata for rollups; DoS hardening.",147.43,-3.0,61.3,301.2,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Muir Glacier",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2020-01-02","08:30:49",9200000,null,"EIP-2384","Delayed the difficulty bomb by 4,000,000 blocks (about 611 days).","Kept block times from slowing down.",130.19,40.9,4.6,461.5,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Beacon Chain launch","Phase 0","Consensus","live on mainnet","2020-12-01","12:00:23",null,0,"Deposit contract (Oct 14, 2020)","The proof-of-stake Beacon Chain started producing blocks after 16,384 deposits of 32 ETH. It ran alongside proof-of-work mainnet until the Merge.","Staking began, but staked ETH could not be withdrawn until Shapella (2023).",617,19.6,154.8,643.4,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Berlin",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2021-04-15","10:07:03",12244000,null,"EIP-2565, EIP-2718 (typed transactions), EIP-2929, EIP-2930","Repriced state-access opcodes and introduced typed transactions and optional access lists.","Groundwork for the new fee transaction type in London.",2432.54,50.0,-18.0,25.0,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["London","EIP-1559","Execution","live on mainnet","2021-08-05","12:33:42",12965000,null,"EIP-1559 (base fee burned), EIP-3198, EIP-3529, EIP-3541, EIP-3554","Reformed the fee market: a protocol-set base fee that is burned, plus an optional priority tip. Variable-size blocks.","Fees became more predictable and part of every fee is destroyed: 4.64 million ETH burned by October 2026.",2724.71,42.7,69.0,-36.3,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Altair",null,"Consensus","live on mainnet","2021-10-27","10:56:23",null,74240,"Sync committees","First Beacon Chain upgrade: sync committees for light clients and higher inactivity and slashing penalties.","Stakers faced stiffer penalties for downtime and misbehaviour.",4131.47,-2.1,-40.4,-63.4,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Arrow Glacier",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2021-12-09","19:55:23",13773000,null,"EIP-4345","Delayed the difficulty bomb until June 2022.","Kept block times from slowing down.",4440.51,-30.6,-38.6,-71.6,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Gray Glacier",null,"Execution","live on mainnet","2022-06-30","10:54:04",15050000,null,"EIP-5133","Delayed the difficulty bomb until September 2022, its last delay before the Merge.","Kept block times from slowing down.",1099.15,54.5,21.6,75.9,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Bellatrix",null,"Consensus","live on mainnet","2022-09-06","11:34:47",null,144896,"Merge preparation","Prepared the Beacon Chain for the Merge and brought penalties for inactivity and slashable offences to their full values.","Full penalties for stakers.",1618.01,-16.4,-22.2,0.9,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Paris (The Merge)","The Merge","Execution","live on mainnet","2022-09-15","06:42:42",15537394,null,"EIP-3675 (proof of stake), EIP-4399 (PREVRANDAO)","Switched off proof-of-work mining and switched on proof of stake after terminal total difficulty was reached at block 15,537,393.","New ETH issuance fell about 88% and energy use about 99.95% (ethereum.org). It did not lower gas fees or enable withdrawals.",1639.14,-22.2,-20.2,0.1,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Shapella","Shanghai + Capella","Both","live on mainnet","2023-04-12","22:27:35",17034870,194048,"EIP-4895 (withdrawals), EIP-3651, EIP-3855 (PUSH0), EIP-3860, EIP-6049","Enabled staking withdrawals: automatic sweeps of rewards above 32 ETH and full exits.","Staked ETH became withdrawable for the first time since 2020.",1891.82,-4.4,-0.7,85.2,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Dencun","Cancun + Deneb","Both","live on mainnet","2024-03-13","13:55:35",19426587,269568,"EIP-4844 (blobs), EIP-1153, EIP-4788, EIP-5656, EIP-6780, EIP-7516, EIP-7044, EIP-7045, EIP-7514","Proto-danksharding: “blobs” give rollups cheap, temporary data space (target 3, max 6 per block) with their own fee market. EIP-7514 capped validator entry churn at 8 per epoch.","Layer-2 fees fell sharply (rollup costs down about 88–97% within a month). Mainnet fees were not the target.",3980.34,-18.6,-12.1,-53.2,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Pectra","Prague + Electra","Both","live on mainnet","2025-05-07","10:05:11",22431084,364032,"EIP-7702, EIP-7251, EIP-7002, EIP-7691, EIP-7623, EIP-6110, EIP-7685, EIP-2537, EIP-2935, EIP-7549, EIP-7840","Smart-account features for regular wallets (EIP-7702), validators up to 2,048 ETH with compounding (EIP-7251), exits triggered from the withdrawal address (EIP-7002) and blob target 6, max 9.","Better staking options and wallet features such as batching and gas sponsorship; more blob space.",1817.06,36.4,98.8,26.1,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["Fusaka","Fulu + Osaka","Both","live on mainnet","2025-12-03","21:49:11",23935694,411392,"EIP-7594 (PeerDAS), EIP-7825, EIP-7918, EIP-7951, EIP-7939, EIP-7823, EIP-7883, EIP-7917, EIP-7934, EIP-7892, EIP-7935","PeerDAS lets nodes sample blob data instead of downloading all of it, enabling blob-only (BPO) forks. 16,777,216-gas cap per transaction, 60M default gas limit, passkey (secp256r1) signatures.","More room for cheap layer-2 data; passkey-style wallets. ethereum.org says it does not directly lower L1 fees.",2996.7,4.3,-33.8,null,"https://ethereum.org/en/ethereum-forks/"],["BPO1","Blob Parameter Only fork","Config","live on mainnet","2025-12-09","14:21:11",null,412672,"EIP-7892","Raised the blob target from 6 to 10 and the maximum from 9 to 15 per block, with no other changes.","More layer-2 data capacity; no action for holders.",3124.93,-0.7,-36.2,null,"https://blog.ethereum.org/2025/11/06/fusaka-mainnet-announcement"],["BPO2","Blob Parameter Only fork","Config","live on mainnet","2026-01-07","01:01:11",null,419072,"EIP-7892","Raised the blob target to 14 and the maximum to 21 per block.","More layer-2 data capacity; no action for holders.",3295.59,-37.4,-32.0,null,"https://blog.ethereum.org/2025/11/06/fusaka-mainnet-announcement"],["Glamsterdam","Amsterdam + Gloas","Both","next","TBD",null,null,null,"EIP-7732 (ePBS), EIP-7928 (block-level access lists), EIP-2780, EIP-7708, EIP-7954, EIP-7997, EIP-8037, EIP-8038, EIP-8061, EIP-8246 and more (EIP-7773)","Next upgrade. Live on Sepolia since Oct 6, 2026; scheduled for Hoodi on Oct 26, 2026 (17:42:48 UTC). Mainnet date not decided as of Oct 19, 2026.","No action needed. Gas repricing and parallel-processing groundwork for higher L1 capacity.",null,null,null,null,"https://blog.ethereum.org/2026/10/16/glamsterdam-hoodi-announcement"],["Hegotá","Bogotá + Heze","Both","next","2027 (planned)",null,null,null,"FOCIL (fork-choice enforced inclusion lists), frame transactions (ethereum.org roadmap)","Planned after Glamsterdam. ethereum.org lists it as in development for 2027.","Planned censorship-resistance and native account features.",null,null,null,null,"https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/"]]}